Review of FDI Policy

The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has approved the proposal for Review of Foreign Direct Investment on various sectors.

Major Impact and Benefits from FDI Policy Reform

1. The changes in FDI policy will result in making India a more attractive FDI destination, leading to benefits of increased investments, employment and growth.
2. In the coal sector, for sale of coal, 100% FDI under automatic route for coal mining,activities including associated processing infrastructure will attract international players to create an efficient and competitive coal market.
3. Further, manufacturing through contract contributes equally to the objective of Make in India. FDI now being permitted under automatic route in contract manufacturing will be a big boost to Manufacturing sector in India.
4. Easing local sourcing norms for FDI in Single Brand Retail Trading (SBRT) was announced in Union Budget Speech of Finance Minister. This will lead to greater flexibility and ease of operations for SBRT entities, besides creating a level playing field for companies with higher exports in a base year. In addition, permitting online sales prior to opening of brick and mortar stores brings policy in sync with current market practices. Online sales will also lead to creation of jobs in logistics, digital payments, customer care, training and product skilling.
5. The above amendments to the FDI Policy are meant to liberalize and simplify the FDI policy to provide ease of doing business in the country, leading to larger FDI inflows and thereby contributing to growth of investment, income and employment.

Background

FDI is a major driver of economic growth and a source of non-debt finance for the economic development of the country. Government has put in place an investor friendly policy on FDI, under which FDI up to 100% is permitted on the automatic route in most sectors/ activities. FDI policy provisions have been progressively liberalized across various sectors in recent years to make India an attractive investment destination. Some of the sectors include Defence, Construction Development, Trading, Pharmaceuticals, Power Exchanges, Insurance, Pension, Other Financial Services, Asset reconstruction Companies, Broadcasting and Civil Aviation.

These reforms have contributed to India attracting record FDI inflows in the last 5 years. Total FDI into India from 2014-15 to 2018-19 has been US $ 286 billion as compared to US $ 189 billion in the 5-year period prior to that (2009-10 to 2013-14). In fact, total FDI in 2018-19 i.e. US $ 64.37 billion (provisional figure) is the highest ever FDI received for any financial year.

Global FDI inflows have been facing headwinds for the last few years. As per UNCTAD's World Investment Report 2019, global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows slid by 13% in 2018, to US $1.3 trillion from US $1.5 trillion the previous year - the third consecutive annual decline. Despite the dim global picture, India continues to remain a preferred and attractive destination for global FDI flows. However, it is felt that the country has the potential to attract far more foreign investment which can be achieved inter-alia by further liberalizing and simplifying the FDI policy regime.

In Union Budget 2019-20, Finance Minister proposed to further consolidate the gains under FDI in order to make India a more attractive FDI destination. Accordingly, the Government has decided to introduce a number of amendments in the FDI Policy. Details of these changes are given in the following paragraphs.

Coal Mining

As per the present FDI policy, 100% FDI under automatic route is allowed for coal & lignite mining for captive consumption by power projects, iron & steel and cement units and other eligible activities permitted under and subject to applicable laws and regulations. Further, 100% FDI under automatic route is also permitted for setting up coal processing plants like washeries subject to the condition that the company shall not do coal mining and shall not sell washed coal or sized coal from its coal processing plants in the open market and shall supply the washed or sized coal to those parties who are supplying raw coal to coal processing plants for washing or sizing.

It has been decided to permit 100% FDI under automatic route for sale of coal, for coal mining activities including associated processing infrastructure subject to provisions of Coal Mines (special provisions) Act, 2015 and the Mines and Minerals (development and regulation) Act, 1957 as amended from time to time, and other relevant acts on the subject. "Associated Processing Infrastructure" would include coal washery, crushing, coal handling, and separation (magnetic and non-magnetic)

Contract Manufacturing

• The extant FDI policy provides for 100% FDI under automatic route in manufacturing sector. There is no specific provision for Contract Manufacturing in the Policy. In order to provide clarity on contract manufacturing, it has been decided to allow 100% FDI under automatic route in contract manufacturing in India as well. 

• Subject to the provisions of the FDI policy, foreign investment in 'manufacturing' sector is under automatic route. Manufacturing activities may be conducted either by the investee entity or through contract manufacturing in India under a legally tenable contract, whether on Principal to Principal or Principal to Agent basis.

Single Brand Retail Trading (SBRT)

1. The extant FDI Policy provides that 30% of value of goods has to be procured from India if SBRT entity has FDI more than 51%. Further, as regards local sourcing requirement, the same can be met as an average during the first 5 years, and thereafter annually towards its India operations. With a view to provide greater flexibility and ease of operations to SBRT entities, it has been decided that all procurements made from India by the SBRT entity for that single brand shall be counted towards local sourcing, irrespective of whether the goods procured are sold in India or exported. Further, the current cap of considering exports for 5 years only is proposed to be removed, to give an impetus to exports.
2. The extant Policy provides that as regards local sourcing requirement, incremental sourcing for global operations by the non-resident entities undertaking single brand retail trading, either directly or through their group companies, will also be counted towards local sourcing requirement for the first 5 years. However, prevalent business models involve not only sourcing from India for global operations by the entity or its group companies, but also through an unrelated third Party, done at the behest of the entity undertaking single brand retail trading or its group companies. In order to cover such business practices, it has been decided that 'sourcing of goods from India for global operations' can be done directly by the entity undertaking SBRT or its group companies (resident or non-resident}, or indirectly by them through a third party under a legally tenable agreement.
3. The extant policy provides that only that part of the global sourcing shall be counted towards local sourcing requirement which is over and above the previous year's value. Such requirement of year-on-year incremental increase in exports induces aberrations in the system as companies with lower exports in a base year or any of ' the subsequent years can meet the current requirements, while a company with consistently high exports gets unduly discriminated against. It has been now decided that entire sourcing from India for global operations shall be considered towards local sourcing requirement. (And no incremental value)
4. The present policy requires that SBRT entities have to operate through brick and mortar stores before starting retail trading of that brand through e-commerce. This creates an artificial restriction and is out of sync with current market practices. It has therefore been decided that retail trading through online trade can also be undertaken prior to opening of brick and mortar stores, subject to the condition that the entity opens brick and mortar stores within 2 years from date of start of online retail. Online sales will lead to creation of jobs in logistics, digital payments, customer care, training and product skilling.

Digital Media

The extant FDI policy provides for 49% FDI under approval route in Up-linking of 'News &Current Affairs' TV Channels. It has been decided to permit 26% FDI under government route for uploading/ streaming of News & Current Affairs through Digital Media, on the lines of print media.

Online FDI application

Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance launched here today a new upgraded and secure user friendly web site for filing and processing of applications for Foreign Direct Investment (FD) requiring Government approval. Presently the applications are filed online at http://www.fipbindia.com which had limited features and processing capabilities.
The new website http://fipb.gov.in, which becomes operational from today, shall henceforth receive applications regarding FDI in approval route sectors. 
With the introduction of the new website, applicant will have to submit only SINGLE copy of the application for records with the FIPB Secretariat instead of 15-18 copies being  filed earlier.
The initiative is part of the Government’s ongoing efforts for Good Governance by enhancing transparency and accountability in its procedures and is a step towards Minimum Government and Maximum Governance. The innovative features of the website are:

(1) Global Reach -Apply from anywhere in the world! Access your status from anywhere in the world!
(2) E-communication – communication between the applicant, FIPB and other ministries/ departments is online.
(3) Quicker communication- All the correspondence including updates/ decisions are communicated through SMS/emails and thus eliminating physical delivery and loss of time due to postal delays.
(4) Less Paperwork – Single signed copy only needed (for record) instead of present multiple sets of the application.
(5) SMS/email alert- Regular alerts are sent to the applicants related to the queries raised by the administrative ministries, inclusion of the proposal in the scheduled FIPB meeting and decisions.
(6) Transparency and security- all transactions and correspondences are recorded online and are secure.
(7) Query module- Any doubts? A user can raise a query online which shall be replied by the relevant ministry

FDI Reporting in E-Biz portal

RBI has rolled out online reporting of the foreign direct investment on an e-Biz platform linked to the NIC server. Presently, advance reporting and form FC-GPR is made online, but i guess latter more services will be pushed online. Also presently both manual and online will continue until further notice and it is for corporates to take advantage of the online facility. The relevant notification dated 12th Feb 2015 is available at this link

With a view to promoting the ease of reporting of transactions under foreign direct investment, the Reserve Bank of India, under the aegis of the e-Biz project of the Government of India has enabled the filing of the following returns with the Reserve Bank of India viz.

• Advance Remittance Form (ARF) - used by the companies to report the foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow to RBI; and
• FCGPR Form - which a company submits to RBI for reporting the issue of eligible instruments to the overseas investor against the above mentioned FDI inflow.

3. The design of the reporting platform enables the customer to login into the e-Biz portal, download the reporting forms (ARF and FCGPR), complete and then upload the same onto the portal using their digitally signed certificates. The Authorised Dealer Banks (ADs) will be required to download the completed forms, verify the contents from the available documents, if necessary by calling for additional information from the customer and then upload the same for RBI to process and allot the Unique Identification Number (UIN). It has been decided that the ARF and FCGPR services of RBI will be operational on the e-Biz platform from February 19, 2015. The user manual for the two services is Annexedto this Circular.

4. It may be noted that for the present, the online reporting on the e-Biz platform is an additional facility to the Indian companies to undertake their ARF and FCGPR reporting and the manual system of reporting as prescribed in terms of A.P. (DIR Series) Circular No. 102 dated February 11, 2014 would continue till further notice.

5. The ADs will be required to access the e-Biz portal (which is hosted on the National Informatics Centre (NIC) servers) using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) Account obtained from NIC. The financial aspects for obtaining/using the VPN accounts is being finalised in consultation with Government of India, DIPP and NIC. The same will be informed in due course.

FDI in defence sector

FDI in defence sector has been allowed upto 49% of the equity of the investee, up from 26% as at present. Government of India vide Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion has issued Press Note no. 7/2014 dated 26th August, 2014 to this effect. This 49% is approval route from the Government.


Further this FDI limit of 49% will include all kinds of foreign investment i.e. FDI, FII, FPI, NRI, FVCI & QFIs.

Portfolio investment upto 24% is however allowed on automatic route.

The Government will consider FDI above 49% on a case by case basis.

There are other conditions such as

(a) the sector is subject to license and therefore licensing will be done by DIPP in liaison with Ministry of Defence;
(b) Applicant should be an Indian company owned and controlled by resident Indian citizens;
(c) Management of the company should be in Indian hands including the Managing Director/ CEO should be Indians;
(d) Chief Security Officer should be an Indian citizen;
(e) Full particulars of Directors/ CEO should be furnished alongwith the application;
(f) Preference will be given to OEMs or design establishments and companies having good track record in the past with the Armed Forces;
(g) There is no minimum capitalization requirement for the FDI;
(h) No purchase guarantee will be given by the Ministry of Defence;
(i) The company should also have maintenance and life cycle support facility for the product being manufactured in India along with the manufacturing facility;
(j) Import of equipment for pre-production activity including prototype will be permitted;
(k) Adequate safety and security procedures need to be put in place by the licensee;
(l) Standards and testing procedures for the equipment will have to be provided to the Government under appropriate confidentiality clause. The nominated quality assurance agency will do the inspection and audit of the Quality assurance procedures of the licensee. Self certification would be allowed on a case to case basis;
(m) Purchase preference and price preference might be given to the public sector enterprises in the sector;
(n) Arms and ammunition manufactured under license will be sold only to the Ministry of Defence or units under the ministry of home affairs. It cannot be sold in the private market. Export would be permitted subject to the guidelines.
(o) Non lethal weapons would be permitted to sold to persons other the MOD or MOHA subject to obtaining necessary permissions;
(p) The company would need to set up a verifiable system of removal of items from out of their factory. Violation of these provisions may lead to cancellation of the licence.
(q) All application to be made to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). Proposals upto 49% involving investment in excess of Rs.1200 crores (Rs.12,000 million) will be sent to the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) for clearance.
(r) For proposals beyond 49% approval will be sought from the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS). Proposals beyond 49% and involving investment exceeding above limits will not require CCEA clearance if it has been cleared by the CCS.
(s) Government decision on the FDI will be communicated normally within a period of 10 weeks from the date of acknowledgement of the application.
(t) For proposals beyond 49% the application should be made by Indian company or foreign investor but the management need not be in Indian hands and it is not necessary to have Managing Director or CEO as Indian.

A copy of the press release can be found here



 

FDI in Railway sector

The Government of India has opened up railway infrastructure for domestic as well as foreign investors. Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (DIPP) press note no. 8 dated 27th August, 2014 has been issued by the government opening up the rail infrastructure for investment by the private sector. The following activities has been opened up for FDI.

Construction, operation, maintenance of

(i) Suburban corridor projects through PPP;
(ii) High speed train projects;
(iii) Dedicated freight lines;
(iv) Rolling stock including train sets, and locomotives/ coaches manufacturing and maintenance facilities
(v) Railway electrification;
(vi) Signalling systems;
(vii) Freight terminals
(viii) Passenger terminals
(ix) Infrastructure in industrial park pertaining to railway line/ sidings including electrified railway lines and connectivities to main railway lines, and
(x) mass rapid transit systems.

100% FDI is allowed automatic basis but FDI beyond 49% of the equity of the investee company in sensitive areas will be put forth to the Cabinet Committee on Security for consideration on a case by case basis.

They have not allowed FDI or private investment in maintenance of railway stations or platforms and that is much needed because the existing infrastructure for maintenance and upkeep of the railway stations and platforms is not at all adequate, especially from the point of view of facilities to the passengers. I thought they should have allowed private investment in online and offline bookings as well because the IRCTC site as we know is totally unreliable.


A copy of the DIPP press note can be found here



 

Issue of equity shares under FDI regime -

RBI has vide its notification click here revised the conditions for issue of equity shares under the FDI scheme in government approval route against import of capital goods/ machineries against a proper valuation to exclude the second hand capital goods/ machineries. While earlier circular click here specifically allowed issue of shares even against import of second hand machineries the new notification expressly prohibits it.
 

FDI Policy

RBI has issued a circular dated 28th June 2012 wherein it has made some changes in the FDI policy in the form of bringing in uniformity in sector classification in the FDI. A Copy of the said circular can be found here
The Annex A and B of Schedule I is the most important document of the FDI Policy as it gives the sectoral classification. I would have thought the RBI should have been more specific while issuing circulars and given exact changes made in the FDI policy.

Consolidated FDI Policy

The Department of Industrial Promotion and Policy (DIPP) under the Ministry of Commerce has published the latest edition of the Consolidated FDI Policy effective from April 10, 2012. The DIPP undertakes to issue revised Consolidated FDI Policy every six months in April and October every year. Now onwards they will issue it on a yearly basis i.e. the next consolidated FDI policy will be issued in March 2013.

Simultaneous to the consolidated FDI policy which makes for ponderous reading because it is more than 100 pages, the DIPP has also issued a press release detailing the changes that were carried out in the FDI policy from October 2011. Some of the changes in the policy is highlighted below:

i)                    In Commodity Exchanges, government approval is required only for the FDI component, not for the FII investment;

ii)                  In case of NBFC, FDI is allowed only on financial lease activity, not on operational leases;

iii)                In case of conversion to equity on the value of imported machinery etc. Second hand machinery, capital goods etc. Will not be allowed to be converted into equity, only first hand imported state of the art technology;

iv)                Investment by Foreign Venture Capital Investors and Qualified Financial Investors in permitted securities;

v)                  FDI in single brand retailing upto 100%,

Among others

The copy of the press release can be found here

A copy of the consolidated FDI circular can be found here